Sunday, May 17, 2020

Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay - 712 Words

Traditionally personality has been framed largely into multiple grand theories: psychoanalysis (Freud, Jung), humanistic theories (Rogers, Maslow), social-learning theories (Bandura, Mischel), cognitive-phenomenological theories (Kelly, Laing), trait theories (Eysenck, Cattell, the Big Five), narrative (McAdams, Bruner) and so on. However Personality psychology is yet to articulate clearly a comprehensive framework for understanding the whole person. This essay will attempt to provide a summary of McAdams integrative approach to personality with three different levels: dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations and narrative. McAdams proposed that evolution provides the general design for psychological individuality against which†¦show more content†¦What do people want? What do they value? How do people seek out what they want and avoid what they fear? In particular the humanist perspective, influenced greatly by the work of prominent humanists such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the role of motivation on thought and behaviour. Concepts such as self-actualization are an essential part of this perspective, conceptualised by a hierarchy of needs each level both independent and interdependent of the next. If traits sketch an outline of human individuality, characteristic adaptations fill in some of the details. McAdams final level is that of integrative life narratives. Narrative approaches to personality suggest that human beings construe their own lives as ongoing stories and that these life stories help to shape behavior, establish identity, and integrate individuals into modern social life Narrative identity is indeed that story the person tries to â€Å"keep going†Ã¢â‚¬â€an internalized and evolving narrative of the self that incorporates the reconstructed past and the imagined future into a more or less coherent whole in order to provide the person’s life with some degree of unity, purpose, and meaning. The psychosocial construction of narrative identity moves personality from broad trends (dispositional traits) and the specific responses to daily life demands (characteristic adaptations) to the challenge of making meaning out of one’s life in a complex world. Dispositional traits play theShow MoreRelatedMgmt3721 Negotiation Skill1686 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay explains the negotiation rationale behind the role of Excalibur Engine Parts Company. Several important issues of the negotiation were chosen to be explained in more details here. They included the goals, strategies, tactics chosen, resistance point, target point, opening offer, concession plan, why certain questions would be asked and answered and an analysis of the other party. Excalibur Engine’s goals According to Zetik amp; Stuhlmacher (2002), each negotiator has uniqueRead MoreHarry Harlow : An American Psychologist Who Studied Monkeys And Their Behavior1243 Words   |  5 Pagesmonkeys and their behavior. His research paved the way to a better understanding of human behavior. Dr. Harlow’s research also helped to better understand the psychology of children. This essay will discuss Dr. Harlow’s background, education, social influence, historical significance, and major contributions in the study of psychology. â€Æ' Background Early Childhood Harry Harlow’s original last name was Israel, and he was born on Halloween in 1905. He grew up in Fairfield, Iowa. His parent’sRead MoreOutline Of Social Identity Theory1278 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude the nature of influence and persuasion, how leadership works and the nature of group stereotypes. The strength of the theory is in direct relationship to its diverse range of application however this is also the source of its weakness. This essay makes an appraisal of SIT by weighing up the strengths and limitations of the social identity theory, with studies supported.   SIT is based on four main concepts  , Social categorization  in which there is a tendency to divide and therefore categorizeRead MoreCarl Jung; Theories of Personality2081 Words   |  9 PagesFinal Paper - Jung Theories of Personality                                              In this paper I will show some of Jung’s back ground, his theory, and speak of his contribution to the world of psychology.    His contribution was a great one, and it was said that many of his theories were more complicated than many of the other psychologists of his time. As I read about him, I began to appreciate his passion for this subject. There were a few reasons that I chose him. First, I think it’s                  Read MoreReflective Essay1814 Words   |  8 PagesReflective Essay – 6th June 2012 My journey to become a Counselling Psychologist began in 2008 when as a Life Coach; I had a self referral who suffered from anxiety over his forthcoming exams in his second year at university. I started collaboratively setting goals to manage his workload and set timetable into manageable chunks through asking him challenging questions so that e can start to think for himself. He had plenty of resources namely his family, time, books but he just would not settleRead MoreSubstance Abuse : Alcohol Addiction1399 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse: Alcohol Addiction S15107273 In my essay I will be conversing about a contemporary issue; Alcohol abuse and the implications for the individuals and for society. Alcohol is a drug also classified as a depressant that slows down dynamic functions that results in slow reactions, less concentration and distressed observations. Alcohol dependence is referred to as a chronic disease allied with excessive and habitual use of alcohol. Alcohol dependence comprises of four symptoms; cravingRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Traits1948 Words   |  8 PagesThe study of personality is very important in the field of psychology because it aims to provide an account for individuality of human beings (Pervin and John, 1999). There are many psychological definitions which attempt to explain personality in terms of characteristics or typical qualities of an individual. Gordon Allport, defined it as â€Å"a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings’ (AllportRead MorePower in Negotiations Essay examples1939 Words   |  8 Pageschances of the negotiator to bluff which can positively or negatively impact the outcome. Cameron Anderson and Leigh L. Thompson suggest that in a power imbalance negotiation, the powerful negotiators positive action will be more vital to form integrative agreements (Anderson and Thompson, 2004, pp. 125--139). This statement was derived from the study on trust in power imbalance negotiations and the importance of power in face to face interactions. The study shows that people with less power areRead MoreExamination of the Fictitious Character Bart Simpson Using Various Personality Theoretical2295 Words   |  10 PagesSection I: Presentation of Traits This essay is based on the fictitious character Bart Simpson from the series the Simpsons. Bart is the 10 year old son of Homer and Marge Simpson. He is the eldest of three children; he has two younger sisters Lisa and Maggie. Bart possesses many personality traits; however, this paper will analyse the trait of aggressiveness. This paper will firstly provide two behavioural examples that support Bart’s trait and then analyse this from Jung’s Neo-Freudian, Eysenck’sRead MoreExamining The Nature Of Creativity And Addressing Creativity Myths2956 Words   |  12 PagesCreativity Myths â€Æ' Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Conceptualisation of Creativity and Its Intangible Nature 3 3. Creativity and Innovation 6 4. Reflection of Creativity Myths 9 5. Conclusion 10 References 12 List of Figures Figure 1: Integrative Model of Creativity 5 Figure 2: Innovative Process 7 Figure 3: Innovation in an Organisational Context 8 â€Æ' 1. Introduction Creativity is mistakenly defined as something ambiguous, intangible and immeasurable because the endogenous mechanisms of

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Human Trafficking Is A Global Issue - 1322 Words

Following the development of globalization, human trafficking is getting worse and worse. The human trafficking is a global issue that everybody should care about. Lots of young people become a victim of human trafficking, whether in developing countries or developed countries. Some organizations and governments are beginning to solve this problem, but it is very hard to complete. Human trafficking, which is no respecter of national frontiers, is considered as a serious crime that has disturbed many countries for several centuries. In terms of definition of human trafficking, it should accord with following three constitutive elements. The first is that it is intended for exploit, which not only including exploitation, but also the enslavement, physical exploitation and organ transplant. Second is using extra-legal means such as intimidation, violence, compulsion or taking advantage of other weaknesses. The last is those victims were recruited, transported, transferred or hided. According to a report, the most common of human trafficking is sexual exploitation, which accounted for 79% of total number of whole human trafficking. Women already make up the majority of victims, of course, most traffickers are women too. The second common form of human trafficking is forced labor, which makes up 18 % of the total. However, this may be different from the actual situation because sexual exploitation often occurred in cities or along the highways and is easier to detect, but theShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : A Global Issue1280 Words   |  6 PagesTrade began long ago in the 15th Century, after the Portuguese started exploring the coast of West Africa. It is now six centuries later and we as a human race still cannot say that slavery has ended. Since the onset of African slave trading, trafficking of women and children has since developed and atrociously branched into the trafficking of human organs as well as sex. It wasn t until several hundreds of years l ater that the Emancipation Proclamation would be created and signed. President AbrahamRead MoreHuman Trafficking as a Global Issue1405 Words   |  6 Pagesa situation of servitude or forces labour – or the slave trade – the sale and transfer of vulnerable, exploited persons’ (2009, p.5). Essentially, Eaves points out that the issue of global slavery is not, and has never been, a large scale issue of the past, as so many would assume, it is a contemporary, large scale global issue which is startlingly and vastly present, with approximately 27 million ‘enslaved people worldwide, nearly three times the number of slaves traded during the height of the transatlanticRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Global Issues Research2113 Words   |  9 Pages Human Trafficking Global Issues Research Paper 22 April 2016 Professor Owens Ashlyn Dumas Abstract: Human Trafficking is something that goes around all over the world. In this essay I will discuss what human trafficking is, how it is done and give three countries who are mainly known for this kind of inhuman act. The three countries are countries that are vey much known and are known as Bangladesh, Brazil and Ghana. All three countries are known for tourism so human traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Serious Global Issue1404 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is and has been a serious global issue that dates as far back as Greek and Roman times. It became extremely prevalent in the 1600s with the introduction of the African slave trade to North America; it had begun in the early 1400s in Europe and Portugal (Source 1). However, as time progressed, another serious form of human trafficking gained â€Å"popularity†; sex trafficking. Sex trafficking is an â€Å"umbrella term† that includes many different commercial sex work. For example, â€Å"prostitutionà ¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreHuman Trafficking : Global Issue Of Modern Day Slavery2146 Words   |  9 Pages Human Trafficking: Global Issue of Modern Day Slavery Hannah Melson Tri-County Technical College Abstract Although slavery or forced labor is commonly thought to be just a thing of the past, human trafficking is a billion dollar illegal industry. Traffickers responsible for this crime make profit trapping millions of people in horrendous situations around the world, including right here in the United States. Traffickers commonly use violence, deception, fraud, threats, and other manipulativeRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Issue That Widely Being Concern Under The Global Governance2920 Words   |  12 Pages0 Introduction Human trafficking is the issue that widely being concern under the global governance. The worst issue included more than 15,000 innocent little children (Asghar, Farhat, Niaz, 2005, p.6) aged as young as three years old that not only being smuggled, but being slave and terrifying being abuse to work as camel jockey in UAE. United Nation under Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons define human trafficking as recruitment byRead MoreSex Trafficking Is A Huge Global Health And Human Rights Issue Affecting Roughly 152 Countries Around The World1437 Words   |  6 PagesBy the time you finish reading this paper nearly 23 children around the world will be victims of sex trafficking. Sex trafficking is a huge global health and human rights issue affecting roughly 152 countries around the world (Greenbaum Crawford-Jakubiak, 2015). The United Nations describes sex trafficking as â€Å"the recruitment, transportation, transfer, har boring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of theRead MoreHuman Trafficking : An Evolving Global Phenomenon1719 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is an evolving global phenomenon that lacks adequate attention and information. The global issue has been around for many years, but it has been hidden and kept a secret by so many who knew it was going on. Today, there are â€Å"approximately 800,000 people trafficked across international borders† and many more trafficked from state to state (Richards 155). No longer is human trafficking hiding in the shadows of a small farm or town that is hidden away from a busy city near by. HumanRead MoreHuman Trafficking- The Escalating Global Violation of Human Rights1355 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking- The Escalating Global Violation of Human Rights Human Trafficking is a serious Global matter that violates a multitude of the Human Rights articles outline in The Universal Declarations of Human Rights. Thousands of individuals are subjects of Human Trafficking every year; the perpetrators of this crime do not discriminate, targeting men, women, the young and the old all over the world. Human Trafficking is indeed a Global issue, occurring in nearly every country on the planetRead MoreThe Globalization Of Human Trafficking990 Words   |  4 Pageswill define the globalization of human trafficking through the context of the United States as a first world nation and extension of this problematic issue in European nations, such as Russia and in the Baltic region. The first world status of the United States provides a context in which human trafficking has become a major problem when defining domestic markets for criminal organizations. However, the U.S. provides an example of the impact of human trafficking that occurs on a much wi der scale

Exam Retailing free essay sample

Retailing-consists of the final activities and steps needed to place merchandise made elsewhere into the hands of the consumer or to provide services to the consumer. Last step in supply chain. Trends that affect Retailing today: * E-tailing- ie. The Internet accounts for less than 5% of retail sales but has changed consumer behavior. (speed, convenience, control, vast info, lowest prices) hasn’t destroyed †¦ *Bricks-and-Mortar retailers – Retailers that operate out of a physical building. ’ but B amp; M retailers must give customers more control to combat E-tailing. Outshopping-when customers get needed info (such as proper size or how to assemble a product) in the store and then orders it online for a lower price and to avoid paying sales tax. * Price Competition Loss Leader-selling a product at or below its cost Bottom Line-net profit on an income statement *Same-Store sales-compares an individual store’s sales to its sales for the same month in the previous year. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam Retailing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page *Market Share-the retailer’s total sales divided by total market sales *Scrambled Merchandising- exists when a retailer handles many different and unrelated items. The result of the pressure being placed on many retailers to increase profits by carrying additional merchandise or services (with higher profit margins) that will also increase store traffic ex. Convenience store that sells low margin gasoline but high margin bread, milk, beer, ciggs ETC. Supercenters, gift cards in grocery stores but causes cost increases in RENT, INVENTORY COSTS, LABOR COSTs *Category Killer-a retailer that carries such a large amount of merchandise in a single category at such good prices that it makes it impossible for customers to walk out without purchasing that they need, thus KILLING the competition Categorizing Retailers Census Bureau- NAICS code Number of outlets- Chain? Or not? *Standard Stock list-a merchandising method in which all stores in a retail chain stock the same merchandise *Optional Stock List approach-merchandising method in which each store in a retail chain is given the flexibility to adjust its merchandise mix to local tastes and demands. *Channel Advisor or Captain-the institution (manufacturer, wholesaler, broker, or retailer) in the marketing channel that is able to plan for and get other channel institutions to engage in activities they might not otherwise engage in. Large store retailers are often able to perform the role of channel captain. *Private Label Branding- May be store branding, when a retailer develops its own brand name and contracts with a manufacturer to produce the product with the retailer’s brand, or designer lines, where a known designer develops a line exclusively for the retailer. Margin/Turnover Gross margin percentage- measure of profitability GROSS MARGIN/NETSALES Gross Margin-NET SALES – COST OF GOODS SOLD Operating Expenses-expenses that a retailer incurs in running the business other than the cost of merchandise Inventory Turnover- refers to the number of times per year, on average, that a retailer sells its inventory. High Performance retailers-retailers that produce financial results substantially superior to the industry average. Low margin/low turnover-operates on a low gross margin percentage and a low rate of inventory turnover†¦ will not be able to generate sufficient profits to remain competitive and survive. High Margin/Low turnover-(bricks and mortar) high gross margin percentage and low ate of inventory turnover ( high end stores, mom and pop) Clicks and Mortar-instore and online Low margin High turnover- low gmp, high rate of inventory turnover (wal mart, amazon. com) High, High- convenience stores, 7 eleven, circle k, Location- new non traditional places. Size *Store management- the retailing career path that involves responsibility for selecting, training, and eval uating personnel, as well as instore promotions, displays, customer service, building maintenance, and security *Buying-retailing career path whereby one uses quantitative tools to develop appropriate buying plans for the store’s merchandise lines. Analytical method –finder and investigator of facts Creative Method- Idea person Two pronged approach- both analytical and creative CHAPTER 2 Strategic planning- involves adapting the resources of the firm to the opportunities and threats of an ever changing retail environment * Development of mission statement * Definition of specific goals and objectives for the firm * Identification and analysis of the retailers strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats –SWOT ANALYIS * Development of basic strategies that will enable the firm to reach its objectives and fulfill its mission Mission statement- a basic description of the fundamental nature, rationale, and direction of the firm. Market Share- retailer’s TOTAL SALES/ TOTAL MARKET SALES Profit-based Objectives-deal directly with the monetary return a retailer desires from its business ROI/RONW- Return on investment/ Return on Net Worth STRATIEGIC PROFIT MODEL (MEMORIZE) Net ProfitMargin| Net Profit /Total Sales| Return on Assets| Net Profit* /Total Assets| Financial Leverage| Total Assets/Net Worth| Return on Net Worth| Net Profit*/Net Worth| X = Asset Turnover| Total Sales/Total Assets| Stockouts- products that are out of stock and therefore unavailable to customers when they want them Productivity objectives- state how much output the retailer desires for each unit of resource input: Floor space, labor, and inventory investment. * Sales prod: net sales/ total square feet of retail floor space * Labor prod: net sales/#of full time equivalent employees * Merchandise prod: net sales/average dollar investment in inventory Societal Objectives- those that reflect the retailer’s desire to help society fulfill some of it’s needs. * Employment objectives * Payment of Taxes * Consumer Choice * Equity * Being a benefactor RASM- (revenue per available seat mile) calculation used by airlines. Yield Management- the understanding, anticipating and reacting to changing customer needs in order to maximize the revenue from a fixed capacity of available services. (1)low marginal costs (2)fixed capacity (3) perishable product (4)fluctuation demand (5)different market segments Personal Objectives-reflect the retailer’s desire to help individuals employed in retailing fulfill some of their needs. * Self Gratification * Status and respect * Power and authority Strategy- a carefully designed plan for achieving the retailers goals and objectives. 3 strategies Get shoppers into your store/ traffic strategy Convert these shoppers into customers by having them purchase merchandise (retailers conversion Do this at the lowest operating cost possible that is consistent with the level of service that your customers expect Target market-the group of customers that the retailer is seeking to serve Location-geographic or cyber space where the retailer conducts business Retail mix- the combination of merchandise, price, advertising and promotion, locations, customer service and selling, and store layout and design Value proposition- clear statement of the tangible and/or intangible results a customer receives from shopping at and using the retailer’s products or services Operations Management- deals with activities directed at maximizing the efficiency of the retailer’s use of resources. It is frequently referred to as day to day management. CHAPTER 6 Horizontal Price Fixing- occurs when a group of competing retailers (or other channel members operating at a given level of distribution) establishes a fixed price at which to sell certain brands of products ILLEGAL violates Sherman Antitrust Sec 1 Vertical Price Fixing-occurs when a retailer collaborates with the manufacturer or wholesaler to resell an item at an agreed upon price Price discrimination- occurs when 2 retailers buy an identical amount of â€Å"like grade and quality† merchandise from the same supplier but pay different prices. Clayton act makes only certain forms illegal DEFENSES Cost justification- differential in price could be accounted for on the basis of differences in cost to the seller in the manufactur, sale, or delivery. Due to differences in quantity or method. Changing market differences-justifies based on the danger of imminent deterioration of perishable goods or on the obsolescence of seasonal goods. Meeting Competition in good faith -lower price was made in good faith in order to meet an equally low price of a competitor Deceptive Pricing-occurs when an misleading price is used to lure customers into the store and then hidden charges are added; or the item advertised may be unavailable. Predatory Pricing-exists when a retail chain charges different prices in different geographic areas to eliminate competition in selected geographic areas. Palming off-occurs when a retailer represents that merchandise is made by a firm other than the true manufacturer Deceptive advertising-when a retailer makes false of misleading advertising claims about the physical makeup of a product, the benefits to be gained by its use, or the appropriate uses for the product. Bait and switch- advertising or promoting a product at an unrealistically low rice to serve as â€Å"bait† and then trying to â€Å"switch† the customer to a higher priced product. Product liability laws-deal with the seller’s responsibility to market safe products. These laws invoke the forseeability doctrine, which states that a seller of a product must attempt to foresee how a product may be misused and warn the consumer against hazards of misuse. Expressed warranties- are either written or verbali zed agreements about the performance of a product and can cover all attributes of the merchandise or only one attribute Implied warranty of merchantability- made by every retailer when the retailer sells goods and implies that the merchandise sold is fit for the ordinary purpose for which such goods are typically used Implied warranty of fitness- a warranty that implies that the merchandise is fit for a particular purpose and arises when the customer relies on the retailer to assist or make the selection of goods to serve a particular purpose Territorial restrictions-are attempts by the supplier, usually a manufacturer, to limit the geographic area in which a retailer may resell its merchandise Dual distribution- occurs when a manufacturer sells to independent retailers and also through its own retail outlets One way exclusive dealing arrangement-occurs when the supplier agrees to give the retailer the exclusive right to sell the suppliers product in a particular trade area Two way exclusive dealing arrangement- occurs when the supplier offers the retailer the exclusive distribution of a merchandise line or product in a particular trade area if in return the retailer will agree to do something or the manufacturer, such as heavily promote the suppliers products or not handle competing brands. ILLEGAL. Tying agreement-exists when a seller with a strong product or service requires a buyer to purchase a weak product or service as a condition for buying the strong product or service Ethics-set of rules for human moral behavior Explicit code of ethics-consists of a written policy that states what is ethical and unethical behavior Implicit code of ethics- an unwritten but well und erstood set of rules or standards of moral responsibility Chapter 14 Empowerment- occurs when employees are given the power in their jobs to do the things necessary to satisfy and make things right for customers. Servant leadership-an employees recognition that their primary responsibility is to be of service to others. 20% of customers generate 80% of sales value proposition-the promised benefits a retailer offers in relation to the cost the consumer incurs customer relationship management CRM-comprised of an integrated information system where the fundamental unit of data collection is the customer, supplemented by relevant information about the customer erformance appraisal and review- is the formal, systematic assessment of how well employees are performing their jobs in relation to established standards and the communication of that assessment to employees Motivation-is the drive that a person has to excel at activities, such as a job, that he or she undertakes Esprit de corps- occurs when a group of workers feel a common mission and a passion fo r that mission and a pride in being part of the group Fixed component- typically is composed of some base wage per hour, week, month, or year Variable component-is often composed if some bonus that is received if performance warrants Fringe benefit package-is a part of the total compensation package offered to many retail employees and may include health insurance, disability benefits, life insurance, retirement plans, child care, use of an auto, and financial counseling Job enrichment- the process of enhancing the core job characteristics to improve the motivation, productivity, and job satisfaction of employees.